In computer science, after basic hardware, language comes first, before operating systems, applications, or anything else. One needs a language first, even if only machine language, before one can write any software at all. There is a vast variety of programming languages, estimates run from 2,000 to 6,000. The situation is often likened to the many schisms of some religions, and sometimes disagreements and even fights occur among the faithful. Yet, all languages must adhere to the central unifying principles of computer science (even Intercal and Befunge), otherwise they couldn't work. On this page, languages are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top: issues spanning multiple unrelated languages. 2) Middle: types or classes of languages. 3) Bottom: specific languages, with their own directory category.
Subcategories 189
- Compiled
- Concurrent
- Constraint
- Curly Bracket
- Data Structured
- Database
- Dataflow
- Declarative
- Distributed
- Education
- Functional
- Garbage Collected
- Hardware Description
- Imperative
- Interface
- Interpreted
- Language-OS Hybrids
- Logic-based
- Markup
- Multiparadigm
- NET
- Obfuscated
- Object-Oriented
- Off-side Rule
- Open Source
- Procedural
- Prototype-based
- ABAP
- ABC
- ADL
- APL
- ARB
- Ada
- Algol 60
- Algol 68
- AppleScript
- Assembly
- Awk
- BASIC
- BETA
- Befunge
- Bigwig
- Bistro
- Blue
- Brainfuck
- C
- C++
- C-sharp
- CHILL
- CLU
- Caml
- Cecil
- Cg
- Clarion
- Clean
- Clipper
- Clojure
- Cobol
- CobolScript
- Cocoa
- Component Pascal
- Curl
- D
- DATABUS
- DOS Batch
- Delphi
- Dylan
- E
- Eiffel
- ElastiC
- Erlang
- Euphoria
- FP
- Forth
- Fortran
- Fortress
- Frontier
- GLSL
- Goedel
- Groovy
- HLSL
- HTML
- HTMLScript
- Haskell
- HyperCard
- ICI
- IDL
- Icon
- Intercal
- Io
- Jal
- Java
- JavaScript
- Jovial
- LaTeX
- LabVIEW
- Lagoona
- Leda
- Limbo
- Lisp
- Logo
- Lua
- MATLAB
Related categories 5
Sites 4
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- Webopedia: Programming Languages Dictionary definitions for words in this category.
- Lambda the Ultimate Programming Languages Weblog with news and discussion.
- Programming Language Growing article, with links to many related topics. [Wikipedia]
- An Introduction to Programming Languages A neutral conceptual analysis for those who know one language and want to learn about others.