Atoms, Nuclei and ParticlesWeb Directory

An atom is a submicroscopic structure found in all ordinary matter. It is the smallest unit of an element to retain all the chemical properties of that element. Most atoms are composed of three types of massive subatomic particles which govern their external properties: electrons, protons, and neutrons. Together, protons and neutrons form the nucleus of an atom, which is surrounded by the electrons. But protons, and neutrons are actually composite particles, made up of quarks, as well as other particles such as photons and neutrinos which are produced copiously in the sun. However, most of the particles that have been discovered and studied are not encountered under normal earth conditions; they are produced in cosmic rays and during scattering processes in particle accelerators. Physics branches devoted to the study of atoms, nuclei and particles, their properties and associated phenomena such as radioactivity, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, are, for example, quantum mechanics and nuclear physics.

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