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The French arrived on the shores of present-day Nova Scotia in 1604, with the hopes of establishing a permanent colony. After spending the winter of 1604-1605 on Sainte-Croix Island off the coast of present-day Maine, Pierre du Gua, Sieur DeMonts and his men moved their colony to Port Royal in the sheltered Annapolis Valley. In 1605, these French explorers built a fortification which they named in honor of the King's geographer on the expedition, Samuel de Champlain. He called the land "La Cadie", a derivative of "L' Arcadie", the name given to the region early in the sixteenth century by the Italian explorer Verrazano.

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