Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889–1975) was a British historian. His most famous work, A Study of History, was published in twelve volumes between 1934 and 1961 and traces the development of about two dozen civilizations. In it, Toynbee famously posits world history as a succession of civilizations rather than states, that these civilizations pass through stages of development, and that the demise of civilizations owes to moral or religious failures rather than external ones.
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- Wikipedia: Arnold J. Toynbee A biography and photograph of the British historian (1889–1975) from the collaborative encyclopedia.
- Malaspina Great Books: Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975) A brief biography by Richard Ganski.
- Guardian: A Study of History by Arnold Toynbee From the archives: A Study of History by Arnold Toynbee, reviewed in the Guardian, June 26, 1934.