William of Ockham, 1285-1347. Scholastic thinker best known for his doctrine that "entities should not be unnecessarily multiplied" (Ockham's Razor). An enthusiastic Aristotelian, logician, and defender of Franciscan doctrine, he was excommunicated in 1328 by Pope John XXII.
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- Catholic Encyclopedia: William of Ockham Biographical article on the fourteenth-century Franciscan philosopher.
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: William of Ockham An overview of Ockham's thought by Paul Vincent Spade.
- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: William of Ockham Unsigned article which provides an overview of major concepts in Ockham.
- Encyclopædia Britannica: William of Ockham Biography of this philosopher.